Whew……lol……..yeah, that’s not going to work properly. While whomever did that cabling used Cat5e they likely set it up for phone only and I can’t see any way to convert this easily.
I suspect all those cables go through an outside wall in a conduit…….likely a PVC (plastic) conduit. If you look on the inside of that wall and locate said conduit, and it is plastic, then it would be easy enough to access the cable inside.

However, before doing anything else, you would need to trace that conduit, and the cables inside it, back through the house. If all cables pass through the outer wall together in a single conduit, then they must break out and go their separate ways to separate rooms somewhere. That’s what you need/want to find, is where they break out of the single conduit. Likely this will be some sort of a box with a removable faceplate that has multiple conduits that feed into it (and from it, the individual rooms).

If that’s how it was done, once you find the breakout, you would pull all the cables back to the breakout from outside giving you some length to work with. Then you would punch them down to a patch panel in that location.

Things to remember:
– If those are your phone lines, you will need to pull a new phone line from the outside location into the inside of your house or you won’t have a phone. Buy a long enough piece of Cat5e cable to reach and attach it to the cables outside before pulling them into the house. Then you could connect it to the phone panel on the outside, and feed the rest of your house from that.
– If you use ADSL for internet, the logical place to put the phone concentrator in your house would be in the room with your patch panel. This way you could put the modem and a router in there as well and a switch if necessary to feed all 6 network connections.
– Conduit can be opened with a hacksaw…be it plastic or galvanized.

To be able to tell you whether or not any of this is possible would require an onsite visit and about 30 minutes of my time. If your house is like mine, and the basement ceiling is finished with sheetrock (as versus a tile ‘drop ceiling’) then you’re basically screwed and can’t do anything about the cabling without having to a bunch of renovating on your ceiling.

Personally, I would recommend you get a professional in to look your situation over. Unless you know what you’re doing it would be all to easy to mess things up. From the sounds of it, you connected all 6 cables together outside as follows:
6 blue wires bundled together
6 blue/white wires bundled together
6 green wires bundled together
6 green/white………… etc etc
and were hoping this would work as network connections. It can’t, it won’t……period, end of story.

Each individual network connection has to be separate to work otherwise they won’t communicate properly. Yes, it tested good for you……..for two reasons:
1) you used a cheap “blinking light” tester which is the next best thing to useless for testing network connections
2) without anything plugged in and active on any other ports, it would appear to the cheap (useless) tester to be a separate and discrete circuit…which it isn’t.

Again, get a professional in to have a look at your house and give you a quote on wiring it up for you. It may be possible to use your existing cables but only a professional would be able to tell you.